Morpho-anatomy of in vitro germination and cryopreservation of the orchid Cattleya crispa (Orchidaceae Morfoanatomía de la germinación in vitro y criopreservación de la orquídea Cattleya crispa (Orchidaceae) / Morfoanatomía de la germinación in vitro y criopreservación de la orquídea Cattleya crispa (Orchidaceae)

Introduction: Cattleya crispa is an ornamental epiphytic orchid with geographic distribution restricted to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Due to predatory extractivism and human-induced habitat loss, this species appears on the Red List of Brazilian Flora. Objective: To characterize morpho-anatomical aspects regarding germination and post-seminal development from C. crispa seeds; as well as studying the effect of cryopreservation on these seeds. Methods: We used light microscopy and electron microscopy to describe the microstructure of a 100 ripe seeds. We evaluated seed viability, seed germination, survival rate and protocorm weight in cryopreserved and non-cryopreserved material, with four replicas per treatment using 20 mg of plant material. Results: The seeds are fusiform, whitish yellow with a length from 700 to 900 µm and a water content of 5 %. Germination began seven days after sowing, the formation of the globular protocorm at 30 days and the formation of the seedling occurred 150 days. The persistent seed coat can compress the protocorm and cause it to collapse. The cryopreserved seeds presented 87.15 % viability, 78.32 % germination, 8.48 % survival and protocorms with 104.27 mg five months after sowing. Data wasn't different to non-cryopreserved seeds. Conclusions: The cryocapability of the seeds shows that cryopreservation can be used for long-term conservation. The results of this work contribute to the overall biology of C. crispa and to the propagation and storage of genetic material for conservation purposes.

Introducción: Cattleya crispa es una orquídea epífita ornamental con distribución geográfica restringida a la Mata Atlántica brasileña. Debido al extractivismo depredador y a la pérdida de hábitat inducida por el hombre, esta especie aparece en la Lista Roja de la Flora Brasileña. Objetivo: Caracterizar aspectos morfoanatómicos de la germinación y desarrollo inicial de semillas de C. crispa; así como estudiar el efecto de la criopreservación de estas semillas. Métodos: Utilizamos microscopía óptica, microscopía electrónica de barrido y microscopía electrónica de transmisión para describir la microestructura en 100 semillas maduras. Evaluamos la viabilidad de la semilla, la germinación de la semilla, la tasa de supervivencia y el peso de los protocormos en el material criopreservado y no criopreservado, con cuatro réplicas por tratamiento de 20 mg de material vegetal. Resultados: Las semillas son fusiformes, amarillo blanquecinas, con una longitud de 700 a 900 µm y un contenido de agua del 5 %. La germinación comenzó siete días después de la siembra, la formación del protocormo globular a los 30 días y la formación de la plántula a los 150 días. La cubierta de semilla persistente puede comprimir el protocormo y provocar su colapso. Las semillas criopreservadas presentaron 87.15 % de viabilidad, 78.32 % de germinación, 8.48 % de supervivencia y protocormos con 104.27 mg a los cinco meses de la siembra. Los datos no fueron diferentes a las semillas no criopreservadas. Conclusiones: La capacidad criogénica de las semillas muestra que la crioconservación puede utilizarse para la conservación a largo plazo. Los resultados de este trabajo contribuyen a la biología general de C. crispa y a la propagación y almacenamiento de material genético con fines de conservación.

Las orquídeas en El mundo vegetal de los Andes peruanos: Una revisión y actualización taxonómica / Orchids in El mundo vegetal de los Andes peruanos: A review and taxonomic update

Resumen En el presente trabajo, el aporte al conocimiento de las orquídeas del Perú que realizó Augusto Weberbauer en su obra El mundo vegetal de los Andes peruanos es analizado. Durante sus estudios botánicos, Weberbauer recolectó alrededor de 264 ejemplares de orquídeas, los cuales no sólo sirvieron para enriquecer su obra; sino también sirvió para que otros botánicos describieran nuevas especies de orquídeas. También, se presenta una relación de los ejemplares de Weberbauer depositados en diferentes herbarios; agrupados en cuatro listados: 1) material tipo con ejemplares en colecciones de herbario, 2) material tipo sin ejemplares existentes en colecciones de herbario, 3) material no tipo en colecciones de herbario y 4) material no tipo citado en la literatura; y se designan lectotipos para 70 nombres de Orchidaceae.

Abstract In the present work, the contribution to the knowledge of the orchids of Peru that Augusto Weberbauer made in his work El mundo vegetal de los Andes peruanos is analyzed. During his botanical studies, Weberbauer collected about 264 specimens of orchids, which not only served to enrich his work; but also served for other botanists to describe new species of orchids. Also, a list of the specimens of Weberbauer deposited in different herbariums is presented; grouped into four lists: 1) type material with specimens in herbarium collections, 2) type material without existing specimens in herbarium collections, 3) non-type material in herbarium collections, and 4) non-type material cited in the literature; and lectotypes are designated for 70 Orchidaceae names.

Hongos formadores de micorrizas aislados a partir de raíces de la orquídea Rodriguezia granadensis (LINDL.) RCHB. F / Mycorrhizal forming fungi isolated from roots of the orchid Rodriguezia granadensis (LINDL.) RCHB. F

RESUMEN Rodriguezia granadensis (Lindl.) Rchb. f. es una orquídea epífita que crece sobre árboles, en zonas poco intervenidas. Para la germinación de sus semillas y en los estadios iniciales de su desarrollo forma relaciones simbióticas con hongos micorrícicos, los cuales, brindan los nutrientes que necesita. En el municipio de Fusagasugá esta especie crece en condiciones naturales y debido a la belleza de sus flores es promisoria para su producción comercial, pero hay poca información sobre los microorganismos asociados a esta planta; por lo tanto, el presente trabajo tuvo como propósito identificar, a nivel de género, los hongos asociados a las raíces de R. granadensis, en el agroecosistema Hacienda Betania. Se tomaron muestras de raíz, anotando el forofito donde se encontraban las plantas. En laboratorio, se dividieron en tres extremos: proximal, medio y distal y se realizaron cortes transversales, para identificar enrollamientos hifales. Adicionalmente, se sembraron explantes en agar papa dextrosa, agar Sabouraud y medio de Ko y Hora. Se identificó al género Rhizoctonia, con una frecuencia del 95 %. Se encontró que el 70 % de las plantas muestreadas crecían sobre árboles de guayabo y el 30 % sobre cítricos. Los resultados indican que R. granadensis pueden tener interacciones con hongos del género Rhizoctonia.

ABSTRACT Rodriguezia granadensis (Lindl.) Rchb. f. is an epiphytic orchid that grows on trees in areas with little intervention. For seed germination and the initial stages of development, it forms symbiotic relationships with mycorrhizal fungi, which provide the necessary nutrients. In the municipality of Fusagasugá, this species grows in natural conditions and, due to the beauty of its flowers is a promissory specie to commercial production, but there is little information about the microorganisms associated with this plant; therefore, the purpose of this work was to identify, at the genus level, the fungi associated with the roots of R. granadensis in Betania farm. Root samples were taken, noting the phorophyte where the plants grew. In the laboratory, they were divided into three sections: proximal, middle, and distal, and made cross-sections to identify hyphal curls. Additionally, explants were put in potato dextrose agar, Sabouraud agar, and Ko and Hora media. The genus Rhizoctonia was identified, with a frequency of 95 %. It was found that 70 % of the sampled plants grew on guava trees and 30 % on citrus. The results indicate that R. granadensis may have interactions with fungi of Rhizoctonia genus.

Resource characteristics and propagation techniques of Anoectochilus roxburghii in China / 药学学报

italic>Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. is a medicinal species belonging to the Orchidaceae, whose whole plant can be used as a medicinal herb, known as "JinXianLian". It has antidiabetic, liver-protecting, anti-inflammatory, etc. A. roxburghii has long been used as food and medicine in Guangdong and Fujian provinces. With the wide recognition of the concept of "medicine and food homology" and the surge of market demand, wild A. roxburghii has been far from meeting the supply. It is important to establish an artificial propagation system. Resource characteristics are the key basis for optimizing germplasm and propagation systems. Therefore, this paper summarizes the germplasm resource characteristics and propagation technologies of A. roxburghii in China to provide a reference for sustainable development and subsequent mechanistic research.

Advances in the research of microRNA in Orchidaceae / 生物工程学报

As a class of small non-coding RNAs, microRNA (miRNA) is widely present and plays important regulatory roles in plant growth, development and stress response. Based on the mechanism of miRNAs in plants, we review the identification of miRNAs in some genera of Orchidaceae, the specific functions of several miRNAs and other relevant studies on miRNAs in the last decade, in order to provide a reference for better understanding function and regulatory network of small RNAs in orchids.

Research Progress on Active Ingredients of Flavonoids in Traditional Chinese Medicine Dendrobium / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Dendrobium（Orchidaceae） is traditional Chinese medicine with a high healthcare value，which can nourish Yin and tonify deficiency. Eighty-nine flavonoids were isolated from Dendrobium，mainly including flavones，flavanoes and flavonols. Among them，there were 40 flavonoids，the main aglycones were apigenin and chrysoeriol；20 flavanones；and 15 flavonols，and the main aglycones were kaempferol and quercetin. D. officinale and several other species also have flavanonols，anthocyanidins，chalcone and isoflavones. There were 34 species of Dendrobium containing flavonoids，including 38 flavonoids in D. officinale，28 flavonoids in D. huoshanense，19 flavonoids in D. devonianum，12 flavonoids in D. wardianum，5 flavonoids in D. thyrsiflorum，4 flavonoids in D. denneanum and D. findlayanum. Common flavonoids included naringenin，quercetin，rutin，which had pharmacological effects of resisting oxidation，lowering blood sugar，improving blood circulation，lowing cholesterol，and protecting the cardiovascular system. The existing studies of Dendrobium-related species，flavonoids and their physiological functions were reviewed in the expectation to promote the attention of the industry to Dendrobium flavonoids and explore values of Dendrobium plants in efficacy and food fields.

Light sources on the germination and initial in vitro establishment of Schomburgkia crispa Lindl., a species of the Brazilian Cerrado / Fontes de luz na germinação e estabelecimento inicial in vitro de Schomburgkia crispa Lindl. uma espécie do Cerrado brasileiro

ABSTRACT: Light is one of the factors that influence the germination and initial establishment of orchids under in vitro cultivation. This study evaluated the effect of different light sources on these stages in in vitro cultivation of Schomburgkia crispa Lindl. After sowing in an aseptic environment, we stored the cultures in a screened greenhouse (natural light) or in a growth room with the following light sources: 3,000 K yellow LED; 6,500 K white LED [1]; 6,500 K white LED [2]; or 6,500 K white fluorescent lamp (control). We assessed germination percentage and initial seedling establishment at 45 and 90 days after sowing. Light did not influence the germination of S. crispa. However, the use of 3,000 K LED provided a faster initial establishment of S. crispa when compared to the other light sources, also presenting lower seedling mortality. Thus, the light source 3,000 K LED is a potential substitute for the 6,500 K fluorescent lamps and LEDs used in growth rooms in in vitro culture laboratories.

RESUMO: A luz é um dos fatores que influenciam a germinação e o estabelecimento inicial no cultivo in vitro de orquídeas. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes fontes de luz na germinação e no estabelecimento inicial in vitro de Schomburgkia crispa Lindl. Após semeadura em ambiente asséptico, as culturas foram acondicionadas em viveiro telado (luz natural) ou em sala de crescimento nas seguintes fontes luminosas: LEDs amarelo 3.000 K, branco 6.500 K [1], branco 6.500 K [2] ou lâmpada fluorescente branca 6.500 K (controle). Aos 45 e 90 dias após a semeadura foi avaliada a porcentagem de germinação e o estabelecimento inicial dos propágulos. A luz não influenciou a germinação das sementes de S. crispa, mas a utilização do LED 3.000 K proporcionou estabelecimento inicial de S. crispa em menor período e com menor mortalidade das plântulas, quando comparado com as demais fontes de luz utilizadas. A fonte de luz LED 3.000 K pode ser indicada como um substituto potencial para as lâmpadas fluorescentes e LEDs 6.500 K, utilizadas em salas de crescimento em laboratórios de cultivo in vitro.

Dihydrophenanthrenes from medicinal plants of Orchidaceae: A review / 中草药·英文版

The plants of Orchidaceae are widely distributed in the world, 47 species of which have been used as folk medicines with a long history. The tubers and stems of them exhibit diverse efficacy, including clearing heat and resolving toxin, moistening lung and relieving cough and promoting blood circulation. Since dihydrophenanthrenes were responsible for the medical purposes, the characteristic skeletons, pharmacological effects and clinical applications of dihydrophenanthrenes were summarized in this review, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the comprehensive study, development and application of DPs from medicinal plants of Orchidaceae.

Análisis de la categorización del estado de conservación de las orquídeas en el Perú: el caso del género Telipogon / Analysis of the conservation status of Peruvian orchids: The case of the genus Telipogon

Resumen Aunque la familia de las orquídeas es uno de los grupos de plantas mejor representados en los listados de conservación a nivel mundial, aun este número de representantes es pequeño considerando su alta diversidad y vulnerabilidad. Esto es particularmente notorio en los listados de la flora amenazada del Perú. En el presente comentario se analiza la representatividad de las orquídeas, con foco en las especies del género Telipogon incluidas en los listados de categorización de conservación en el Perú, enfatizando la importancia de realizar correctos listados y categorizaciones coherentes con las metas Aichi del Plan Estratégico para la Diversidad Biológica 2011-2020.

Abstract The orchid family is one of the plant groups with the highest number of species included in conservation lists worldwide. However, this number is still small considering the high orchid diversity and vulnerability. This is particularly manifest in Peruvian lists of threatened flora. In this comment, I analyse their representativeness in conservation lists in Peru, with an emphasis on species of the genus Telipogon. My analysis highlights the importance of elaborating accurate lists, consistent with the Aichi Biodiversity Targets of the Strategic Plan for Biological Diversity 2011-2020.

Does soaking time during disinfestation affect germination rates in Dendrobium? / O tempo de imersão durante a desinfestação influencia nas taxas de germinação de Dendrobium?

Asymbiotic germination is considered an efficient and viable technique that can increase germination rates. The effect of type and concentration of disinfestants, and the exposure time to disinfestants may differ according to the plant species. Therefore, species-specific standardization of disinfestation agent and procedure is necessary to achieve optimal germination rates. The objective of this study was to determine a disinfestation methodology to increase in vitro germination rates and the early development of seedlings of Dendrobium nobile and Dendrobium phalaenopsis, using different times for seed disinfestation and different culture media. Seeds were disinfected by soaking in a 0.8% sodium hypochlorite solution for 5 or 15 min under aseptic conditions, after which seed suspensions were either washed with water or left unwashed. Next, they were seeded in culture flasks containing four different culture media (MS, ½MS, K, and VW). The flasks were then transferred to a growth room under controlled photoperiod and temperature, where they remained under an irradiance of 20 µmol m-2 s-1. Germination rates of the species were evaluated 45 days after placement in the culture flasks. A higher germination rate was observed when the seeds were triple washed, regardless of the culture medium or soaking time. Seed soaking disinfestation for 5 min is also recommended. MS and ½MS media were the most effective culture media in promoting in vitro germination of the species under study.

A germinação assimbiótica é considerada uma técnica eficiente e viável resultando em elevados percentuais de germinação. Apesar do sucesso dessa técnica, o tipo, a concentração e o tempo de exposição do agente desinfestante diferem, necessitando padronização para cada espécie. Assim, a padronização do agente desinfestante e do procedimento são necessários para o aumento das taxas germinativas. Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar metodologia que aumente a taxa de germinação in vitro e favoreça o desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de Dendrobium nobile e Dendrobium phalaenopsis, utilizando diferentes métodos de desinfestação de sementes e diferentes meios de cultura. Sementes, sob condições assépticas, foram desinfestadas em solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 0,8%, por cinco ou quinze minutos. Após esses períodos, as suspensões de sementes receberam ou não a tríplice lavagem com água. Em seguida, foram semeadas em frascos de cultivo que continham quatro diferentes meios de cultura (MS, MS½, K e VW). Posteriormente, foram transferidos para sala de crescimento com fotoperíodo e temperatura controlados, onde permaneceram sob irradiância de 20 µmol m-2 s-1. Quarenta e cinco dias após a semeadura foi avaliada a porcentagem de germinação das espécies estudadas. Os resultados neste trabalho indicam que, independentemente do meio de cultura ou do tempo de desinfestação, as sementes quando submetidas à tríplice lavagem apresentaram porcentagem de germinação superior a àquelas que não receberam este procedimento. Recomenda-se a desinfestação das sementes por 5 minutos. Os meios MS e MS½ foram os mais efetivos em promover a germinação in vitro dessas espécies.

Chemical constituents of Dendrobium hercoglossum / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of Dendrobium hercoglossum. Methods: The compounds were isolated and purified by column chromatography and preparative HPLC, and their chemical structures were identified on the basis of spectral analysis. Results: Ten compounds were isolated and identified as 3,4,α-trihydroxy-5,3'-dimethoxybibenzyl (1), 4,α-dihydroxy-3,5,3'- trimethoxybibenzyl (2), 4,5-dihydroxy-3,3',α-trimethoxybibenzyl (3), 4,3'-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybibenzyl (4), 4,4'-dihydroxy- 3,5,3'-trimethoxybibenzyl (5), N-trans-cinnamoyltyramine (6), protocatechuic acid (7), vanillyl alcohol (8), hexadecanoic acid 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (9) and syringaresinol (10). Conclusion: Compound 1 is a new compound, named dendhercoine A, compounds 2-10 are isolated from this plant for the first time.

PhytochemicalinvestigationofleavesofDendrobiumofficinale / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents of leaves of Dendrobiumofficinale. Methods: Compounds were isolated from the leaves of D.officinale by column chromatography over Sephadex LH-20, MCI GEL CHP-20P, and ODS as well as by preparative HPLC. Their structures were identified by the analysis of their physical and chemical properties and the spectra data of NMR and MS. Results: Twenty-four compounds were isolated from the leaves of the plant, namely 3,4-dihydroxy-5,4'-dimethoxy bibenzyl (1), moscatilin (2), 4,4'-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybibenzyl (3), densiflorol A (4), (S)-3,4,α-trihydroxy-5,4'-dimethoxybibenzyl (5), gigantol (6), dendrocandin U (7), dendrocandin B (8), loliolide (9), (6R,9S)-dihydroxy-megastigma-4,7-dien-3-one-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (10), (6R,9S)-9-hydroxy-megastigma-4,7-dien-3-one-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (11), (+)-syringaresinol (12), rutin (13), 2-benzothiazolol (14), p-hydroxyacetophenone (15), p-hydroxyl-benzoic acid (16), protocatechuic acid (17), catechol (18), ethyl p-hydroxyhydrocinnamate (19), 1-glycerol linolenate (20), 2-butoxyethyl linolenate (21), palmitic acid (22), octadecadienoic acid-2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (23), and urticifolene (24). Conclusion: Itis the first report of the occurrence of compounds 10, 11, 14-23 in Orchidaceae family. Compounds 1, 2, 4, and 6are found in D. officinale for the first time.

Efecto de la interacción luz-agua sobre la fotosíntesis de la Vanilla planifolia (Orchidaceae)

Introducción: La vainilla (Vanilla planifolia Andrews) es una planta CAM de gran importancia económica en el mercado mundial de saborizantes y aromatizantes. Por ser una planta hemiepífita que inicialmente crece en el sotobosque sombreado y posteriormente asciende hasta el dosel, se aclimata a diferentes condiciones de radiación y humedad. La posibilidad de extender su cultivo a zonas secas donde sea menor la incidencia de enfermedades, dependerá de su respuesta a períodos prolongados de sequía. Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de la interacción entre la radiación y la humedad sobre los parámetros de la fotosíntesis y funcionamiento del CAM de plantas de vainilla en sus fases iniciales de desarrollo vegetativo, y determinar si las condiciones de radiación en las que crece la planta pueden ayudar a moderar los efectos negativos de la sequía. Métodos: Se evaluaron plantas de vainilla que crecieron con riego durante 18 meses en casetas con iluminación relativa (IR) de 8, 17, 31 y 67 %; posteriormente se suspendió el riego y se fueron deshidratando durante 94 días hasta alcanzar un contenido de humedad crítico (contenido hídrico relativo, CHR ≤ 50 %), y finalmente se reinició el riego durante 22 días; se evaluó el efecto de estos procesos sobre la asimilación de CO2, la acidez titulable y la eficiencia cuántica del Fotosistema II (Fv/Fm). Resultados: Bajo condiciones intermedias de IR (17 % y 31 %), la asimilación de CO2 y laacumulación nocturna de ácidos orgánicos presentaron la menor afectación por el déficit hídrico, así como la mejor recuperación luego de la rehidratación. El CHR se vio más afectado por la disponibilidad de agua en el tejido vegetal, mientras que Fv/Fm lo fue por el ambiente de radiación. Los efectos combinados de estrés hídrico y alta radiación ocasionaron daños irreversibles en la fotosíntesis para el tratamiento de IR de 67 %. Conclusiones: En las plantas de vainilla, el impacto negativo de la sequía sobre los parámetros de la fotosíntesis fue mayor en alta radiación; sin embargo, en condiciones de baja radiación también aumentó la susceptibilidad de las plantas a la sequía, en comparación con los ambientes de radiación intermedia, en los cuales la densidad de flujo de fotones media fue de 340 μmol m-2 seg-1 (17 % de IR) y 620 μmol m-2 seg-1 (31 % de IR). Estos resultados sugieren el potencial de cultivar vainilla en zonas con sequía estacional bajo sistemas productivos de baja tecnificación, manteniendo estas condiciones de radiación.

Introduction: Vanilla planifolia Andrews is a CAM plant of economic importance in the global market of flavorings and essences. Being a hemiepiphyte which initially grows in the shady understory and later climbs to the canopy, it acclimates to different conditions of radiation and humidity. The possibility of extending this crop to dry areas where the incidence of diseases is lower will depend on the response to prolonged periods of drought. Objective: To evaluate the effects of the interaction of radiation and humidity on the parameters of photosynthesis and operation of CAM of vanilla plants, and to determine if the radiation environment could help to moderate the negative effects of drought. Methods: We evaluated well-watered vanilla plants grown for 18 months in relative illumination (RI) of 8, 17, 31 and 67 %, which underwent dehydration for 94 days until reaching critical water content (relative water content, RWC < 50 %) and then rehydration for 22 days; variables evaluated were: CO2 assimilation, titratable acidity, and quantum efficiency of Photosystem II (Fv / Fm). Results: Under intermediate conditions of radiation (17 % and 31 % RI), CO2 assimilation and nocturnal accumulation of organic acids were less affected by water deficit and also showed the best recovery after rehydration. The RWC was most affected by the water available in plant tissue, while Fv / Fm was affected by radiation. The combined effects of water stress and high radiation caused irreversible damage to photosynthesis for the 67 % RI treatment. Conclusions: In vanilla plants, the negative impact of drought on photosynthetic parameters was greater in high radiation; however, in low radiation conditions the susceptibility of plants to drought also increased, as compared to intermediate radiation environments, which were under a mean photon flux density of 340 µmol m-2 s-1 (17 % IR) and 620 µmol m-2 s-1 (31 % IR). These results suggest the potential for growing vanilla in areas with seasonal drought under low-tech production systems, maintaining these radiation conditions.

Epidendrum suinii (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae) un nuevo registro para la flora peruana / Epidendrum suinii (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae) a new record for peruvian flora

Reportamos por primera vez la presencia de Epidendrum suinii Hágsater & Dodson (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae) para Perú basada en colectas de la región San Martín (parte septentrional oriental del territorio peruano). Incluimos una clave que permite diferenciar las especies de Epidendrum del grupo Cuchibambae que habitan en Perú.

We report for the first time the presence of Epidendrum suinii Hágsater & Dodson (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae)for Peru based on collections from the region of San Martin (northern eastern part of the Peruvian territory). We include a key to recognize the species of Epidendrum of Cuchibambae group that grow in Perú.

Distribución geográfica de angiospermas epífitas de la región terrestre prioritaria Cerros Negro-Yucaño, Oaxaca, México / Geographical distribution of epiphytic angiosperms of the priority terrestrial region of Cerros Negro-Yucaño, Oaxaca, Mexico

Resumen El conocimiento sobre la riqueza y la distribución de las plantas epifítas vasculares es aún incompleto en muchas áreas de México. Un ejemplo es la región terrestre prioritaria (RTP) Cerros Negro-Yucaño, que se ubica en el noroeste del estado de Oaxaca y pertenece a la región mixteca alta (Ñuu Savi Sukun, Ñuu vixi). Con base en la revisión de material de herbario en 12 colecciones institucionales mexicanas y en la recolección de especímenes en algunas localidades, principalmente cubiertas por bosque de encino, en 17 de los 18 municipios que incluye la RTP, se compilo un listado de las angiospermas epífitas. Se registró la presencia de 40 especies, distribuidas en 13 géneros y cinco familias; 28 taxa son endémicos de México y tres de ellos se conocen solamente de Oaxaca. Los géneros Tillandsia (18 spp.) y Peperomia (4) fueron los mejor representados en el área. El bosque de encino fue el tipo de vegetación en el cual se encontraron más epífitas (32 spp.) y también el intervalo altitudinal de 1 900 a 2 100 m (19 spp.). Plantas en floración de Artorima erubescens, Laelia albida, L. furfuracea y Prosthechea karwinskii, son utilizadas por pobladores de la región como ornamentales, durante las celebraciones religiosas de Día de Muertos y Semana Santa. Este impacto humano podría representar una amenaza para las poblaciones silvestres de estas especies en el futuro.(AU)

Abstract The knowledge on richness and distribution of epiphytic vascular plants is still incomplete in many areas of Mexico. An example is the terrestrial priority region (RTP) Cerros Negro-Yucaño, which is located in the Northwest portion of Oaxaca and belongs to the Mixteca Alta Region (Ñuu Savi Sukun, Ñuu Vixi). Based on herbarium material revision of 12 Mexican institutional collections and the collection of specimens in some localities, mainly covered by oak forest, in 17 of the 18 municipalities included in the RTP, we compiled a list of epiphytic angiosperms. The presence of 40 species, distributed in 13 genera and five families was recorded; 28 taxa are endemic to Mexico and three of them are only known from Oaxaca. The genera Tillandsia (18 spp.) and Peperomia (4) were the best represented genera in the area. Oak forest was the type of vegetation in which the most of the epiphytes were found (32 spp.), and also the altitudinal range between 1 900 and 2 100 m (19 spp.). Flowering plants of Artorima erubescens, Laelia albida, L. furfuracea, and Prosthechea karwinskii are used by the local people as ornamentals during the religious celebrations of Day of the Dead (Mexico) and Holly Week. This human impact might be a threat to the wild populations of these species in the future.(AU)

A new cadalene sesquiterpene glycoside from Dendrobium nobile / 药学学报

Using column chromatographic and preparative HPLC technologies, we isolated a new sesquiterpene glycoside from the stem of Dendrobium nobile. With spectroscopic techniques including NMR and MS, the new compound was identified as cadalene-12-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. This type of compound was dehydrogenated from cadinane sesquiterpene to achieve a naphthalene ring, and it is rare from a natural resource.

Research progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of alkaloids in Orchidaceae plants / 中草药

Due to the complex chemical compositions and various types, alkaloids are widely existed in various genera of Orchidaceae plants. Most of the alkaloids have anti-inflammatory, antitumor, hyperglycemic, cytotoxic and other biological activities. In this paper, the distribution, types, structures, and pharmacological action of alkaloids in Orchidaceae plants were reviewed, which provides a theoretical reference for the structure type, structure analysis, and biological activity of alkaloids in Orchidaceae plants.

Research progress on constituents of alkaloids in plants from Dendrobium Sw / 中草药

Alkaloids were regarded as important biological activity constituent in medicinal Dendrobium Sw., being characteristic pharmacodynamic components in plants from Dendrobium Sw. A total of 52 constituents of alkaloids were found in plants of Dendrobium Sw. They could be divided into five types, according to different structures. They were sesquiterpenoid alkaloids, octahydroindolizine alkaloids, amides alkaloids, pyrrolidine alkaloids, and imidazole alkaloids etc. Sesquiterpenoid alkaloids could be divided into dendrobine type, dendroxine type, nobiline type, etc. Over 19 Dendrobium species contain alkaloids, and the main species included D. nobile, D. chrysanthum, D. crepidatum, D. findleyanum, D. signatum, D. friedericksianum, etc. This paper reviews the structural classification of alkaloids in Dendrobium, and the species which containing alkaloids and the influencing factors of alkaloids in Dendrobium Sw., in order to provide reference for the in-depth study and the development of alkaloids in plants from Dendrobium Sw.

Expression profiles of five FT-like genes and functional analysis of PhFT-1 in a Phalaenopsis hybrid

Background: Phalaenopsis is an important ornamental flowering plant that belongs to the Orchidaceae family and is cultivated worldwide. Phalaenopsis has a long juvenile phase; therefore, it is important to understand the genetic elements regulating the transition from vegetative phase to reproductive phase. In this study, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) homologs in Phalaenopsis were cloned, and their effects on flowering were analyzed. Results: A total of five FT-like genes were identified in Phalaenopsis. Phylogenetic and expression analyses of these five FT-like genes indicated that some of these genes might participate in the regulation of flowering. A novel FT-like gene, PhFT-1, distantly related to previously reported FT genes in Arabidopsis and other dicot crops, was also found to be a positive regulator of flowering as heterologous expression of PhFT-1 in Arabidopsis causes an early flowering phenotype. Conclusions: Five FT homologous genes from Phalaenopsis orchid were identified, and PhFT-1 positively regulates flowering.

Chemical constituents of EtOAc extracts from Pholidota rupestris / 中草药

Objective To investigate the chemical constituents from Pholidota rupestris. Methods The chemical constituents from the EtOAc soluble fraction of P. rupestris were studied and 13 compounds were isolated by the method of silica gel column chromatography. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectral analyses and chemical properties. Results Thirteen compounds were isolated and identified as confusarin (1), ochrone A (2), coelonin (3), lusianthridin (4), batatanin III (5), gigantol (6), thunalbene (7), cyclopholidone (8), cyclopholidonol (9), syringaresinol (10), β-sitosterol (11), stigamast-5-ene-3β,7α-diol (12), and 5α,8α-epidioxy-(22E,24R)-ergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol (13). Conclusion All compounds are isolated from this plant for the first time. Compounds 1, 2, and 12 have not been recorded in the genus Pholidota.